Scala, a language specializing in functional and object-oriented programming, has been running on the Java virtual machine for several years now, enjoying adoption
from enterprises and startups alike. The language's road map features three upcoming upgrades -- version 2.12, "Aida," and "Don Giovanni" -- with the last release to serve as a "fundamental rethink" involving modularity, says Scala designer Martin Odersky, who is chairman and co-founder of Typesafe, which offers middleware based on Scala. He also serves as a computer science professor at Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL) in Switzerland.